Cholesterol is often viewed as a harmful substance, but experts are now clarifying that not all cholesterol is bad. In fact, the body needs it to function properly. With the abundance of conflicting advice on cholesterol, it can be difficult to separate fact from fiction. To help clear up the confusion, health professionals have provided a comprehensive explanation of what cholesterol is, how it affects health, and how individuals can manage it.
What is Cholesterol?
Ruth Goss, a senior cardiac nurse at the British Heart Foundation, explains that cholesterol is essential for the body’s cells to stay healthy. “Cholesterol is transported throughout the body to the cells that need it by proteins in the blood. When cholesterol and proteins combine, they form lipoproteins,” she says.
The two main types of lipoproteins are Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) and High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL). Dr. Donald Grant, GP and senior clinical adviser at The Independent Pharmacy, highlights that “LDL is considered unhealthy because it can lead to plaque buildup in the arteries, which raises the risk of stroke. On the other hand, HDL helps remove excess cholesterol from the body, maintaining healthy levels.”
What Increases the Risk of High LDL Cholesterol?
Several factors can elevate LDL cholesterol levels, with one of the most significant being familial hypercholesterolemia. This genetic condition prevents the liver from processing cholesterol properly, putting individuals at a higher risk for cardiovascular disease. Dr. Jeff Foster, a private and NHS GP, emphasizes the importance of starting cholesterol-lowering treatments, such as statins, if you have this condition, as lifestyle changes alone won’t reduce the risk.
Obesity and being overweight are also major contributors to elevated LDL cholesterol levels. Dr. Grant notes that individuals with excess body weight are more likely to produce LDL cholesterol, which can increase the risk of heart attacks. Additionally, obesity often leads to insulin resistance, which can lower HDL cholesterol and worsen overall heart health. Chronic inflammation, commonly associated with being overweight, further strains the heart and negatively affects cholesterol levels.
Recognizing High LDL Cholesterol
For some individuals, especially those with very high cholesterol or specific genetic conditions, visible signs of high LDL levels may appear. These include xanthomas (fatty lumps on the skin), xanthelasmas (yellow patches around the eyes), or corneal arcus (white rings around the iris). However, most people with high LDL cholesterol do not display any obvious symptoms.
As Goss explains, “High cholesterol is often a silent risk factor for serious conditions like heart attacks and strokes, meaning it can remain undetected until it’s too late. That’s why it’s essential to get your cholesterol levels checked regularly.” A simple blood test administered by your GP can provide vital information about your cholesterol.
How Often Should You Check Your Cholesterol?
The general recommendation is for adults to have their cholesterol levels checked every five years. However, Dr. Grant advises that individuals with a family history of cholesterol problems or those over the age of 40 may need more frequent testing. This is typically part of the NHS Health Check, which is offered every five years to individuals aged 40 to 71.
Dr. Foster suggests starting cholesterol testing even earlier, at age 20. “Although it may seem young, high cholesterol can damage your health gradually over time. If you have elevated cholesterol in your 20s, each additional year with high levels adds to the risk of future cardiovascular problems.”
Statins: A Key Treatment for High Cholesterol
Statins are commonly prescribed to lower LDL cholesterol levels and reduce the risk of major heart events. Dr. Grant explains, “Statins work by inhibiting enzymes in the liver, which slows down the production of cholesterol.” These medications are typically recommended for individuals with high LDL cholesterol or poor cardiovascular health.
Statins are usually taken as a once-daily tablet, with the dosage adjusted based on the individual’s cholesterol levels and other health factors. According to the NHS, many people experience minimal or no side effects, but some may experience mild symptoms such as headaches, diarrhea, or nausea.
Does Diet Affect Cholesterol?
Although many people believe that foods high in cholesterol, such as eggs and shellfish, significantly raise blood cholesterol levels, the impact of dietary cholesterol is actually minimal. Goss clarifies, “The cholesterol in food doesn’t have the same effect on blood cholesterol as the cholesterol produced by the body.” Instead, research indicates that reducing intake of saturated fats—found in foods like fatty meats, butter, and full-fat dairy—has a more substantial impact on blood cholesterol levels.
Lifestyle Changes That Can Improve Cholesterol
Improving fitness is one of the most effective ways to boost heart health and lower LDL cholesterol levels. Dr. Grant recommends aiming for at least 30 minutes of exercise per day. “Physical activity helps raise HDL cholesterol, which is beneficial for cardiovascular health,” he adds.
In addition to exercise, avoiding smoking and limiting alcohol consumption are crucial for maintaining healthy cholesterol levels. Both smoking and excessive alcohol intake can contribute to higher LDL cholesterol levels, further increasing the risk of heart disease.
Conclusion
Cholesterol is not inherently bad, but maintaining balanced levels is crucial for heart health. Regular cholesterol checks, a healthy diet, exercise, and, in some cases, medication, can help manage cholesterol and reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases. By understanding cholesterol’s role in the body and taking proactive steps, individuals can significantly improve their health and reduce their risk of heart-related issues.
Related topics
